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21.
22.
Dagmar der Weduwen Graeme D. Ruxton 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2019,94(5):1830-1838
Winged seeds, or samaras, are believed to promote the long‐distance dispersal and invasive potential of wind‐dispersed trees, but the full dispersive potential of these seeds has not been well characterised. Previous research on the ecology of winged seeds has largely focussed on the initial abscission and primary dispersal of the samara, despite it being known that the primary wind dispersal of samaras is often over short distances, with only rare escapes to longer distance dispersal. Secondary dispersal, or the movement of the seeds from the initial dispersal area to the site of germination, has been largely ignored despite offering a likely important mechanism for the dispersal of samaras to microhabitats suitable for establishment. Herein, we synthesise what is known on the predation and secondary dispersal of winged seeds by multiple dispersive vectors, highlighting gaps in knowledge and offering suggestions for future research. Both hydrochory and zoochory offer the chance for samaroid seeds to disperse over longer distances than anemochory alone, but the effects of the wing structure on these dispersal mechanisms have not been well characterised. Furthermore, although some studies have investigated secondary dispersal in samaroid species, such studies are scarce and only rarely track seeds from source to seedling. Future research must be directed to studying the secondary dispersal of samaras by various vectors, in order to elucidate fully the invasive and colonisation potential of samaroid trees. 相似文献
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Tao Tan Jun Wu Chenyang Si Shaoxing Dai Youyue Zhang Nianqin Sun E Zhang Honglian Shao Wei Si Pengpeng Yang Hong Wang Zhenzhen Chen Ran Zhu Yu Kang Reyna Hernandez-Benitez Llanos Martinez Martinez Estrella Nuñez Delicado W. Travis Berggren Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte 《Cell》2021,184(8):2020-2032.e14
26.
Jacques Bitsch 《Journal of morphology》2012,273(8):919-931
In this article, I review the major characteristics of different types of appendage‐like processes that develop at the abdominal segments of many immature insects, and I discuss their controversial morphological value. The main question is whether the abdominal processes are derived from segmental appendages serially homologous to thoracic legs, or whether they are “secondary” outgrowths not homologous with true appendages. Morphological and embryological data, in particular, a comparison with the structure and development of the abdominal appendages in primitive apterygote hexapods, and data from developmental genetics, support the hypothesis of appendicular origin of many of the abdominal processes present in the juvenile stages of various pterygote orders. For example, the lateral processes, such as the tracheal gills in aquatic nymphs of exopterygote insects, are regarded as derived from lateral portions of appendage primordia, homologous with the abdominal styli of apterygotan insects; these processes correspond either to rudimentary telopodites or to coxal exites. The ventrolateral processes, such as the prolegs of different endopterygote insect larvae, appear to be derived from medial portions of the appendicular primordia; they correspond to coxal endites. These views lead to the rejection of Hinton's hypothesis (Hinton [1955] Trans R Entomol Soc Lond 106:455–545) according to which all the abdominal processes of insect larvae are secondary outgrowths not derived from true appendage anlagen. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
27.
Morphological variation in intergrade pupfish populations from the Pecos River, Texas, U.S.A. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the early 1980s, sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegates was introduced into the Pecos River, Texas, U.S.A. where it hybridized with the endemic Pecos pupfish C. pecosensis . By 1985, pupfish populations throughout approximately 300 km of the river consisted exclusively of individuals of hybrid origin (intergrades). There was significant ( P <0·05) geographic variation in most morphological characters; the general pattern of variation was of a bidirectional cline centred near Pecos, Texas. At that site, morphology of intergrade populations resembled mostly that of the introduced species. Upstream and downstream from Pecos, morphology shifted progressively toward that typical of the native form. Intergrade populations were morphologically intermediate to the parental forms, showed a rapid approach to random assortment of characters, and generally exhibited greater morphological variability than occurred in either parent species. These observations and the consistent lack of bimodality in frequency distributions of a morphological hybrid index support the contention that intergrade populations comprise panmictic admixtures of C. variegates and C. pecosensis . 相似文献
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In this paper we consider the morphological variation within a natural population of Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Simonsen in relation to environmental factors. This species was dominant in the phytoplankton of the Lower Paraná
River (Argentina) and exhibited seasonal fluctuations of cell dimensions. The mean cell diameter was directly correlated with
the river water level and inversely with pH and nitrate concentrations, whereas cell length was directly correlated with transparency
and nitrate concentration and inversely with suspended solids. This pattern was similar to that observed for filament length.
The cell length : diameter ratio was inversely related to water level and discharge and directly related to pH, transparency,
and nitrate concentration. Maximum diameters did not coincide with maximum lengths. A tendency to maintain cell volume throughout
the annual cycle was observed, which probably relates to both buoyancy and photosynthetic capacity. These results associate
the water ascendancy and the size recovery phases to discharge. Cells become smaller on the ebbing of the flood phase, and
the decreasing depth increases the probability that the alga will be disentrained from the turbulent field. The loss during
low water would act as a stimulus for auxosporulation, contributing to the production of large cells to start off the next
population.
Received: August 12, 2000 / Accepted: November 14, 2000 相似文献
30.
The floral morphology of seven Oxypetalum species and, in particular, the spatial relationship between the five stigmatic chambers and two separate ovaries of their
flowers with respect to transmission of the pollen tube are studied. In all species, except O. banksii subsp. banksii, floral morphology is similar to that in other Asclepiadeae, and the flowers pollinated with one pollinium develop only one
follicle, which means compitum absence. In O. banksii subsp. banksii flowers, the secretory interstaminal tissue lines the inner walls of the stigmatic chambers as in the other species studied,
but it also reaches the upper part of the inner surface of the filament tube, where it surrounds the styles, an unprecedented
feature for Asclepiadaceae. This tissue secretes nectar and mucilage; the latter acts as transmitting medium for the growth
of pollen tubes from pollinia inserted and hydrated in stigmatic chambers (“hyperstigmas”). Mucilage also functions as an
extragynoecial compitum: in flowers pollinated with one pollinium both carpels develop into a follicle.
Received August 28, 2001; accepted April 9, 2002 Published online: October 14, 2002
Addresses of the authors: Milene Faria Vieira (e-mail: mfvieira@mail.ufv.br), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade
Federal de Vi?osa, 36571-000, Vi?osa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. George John Shepherd, Departamento de Botanica, Instituto de Biologia,
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C.P. 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, S?o Paulo, Brazil. 相似文献